CDR Origination · Carbon removal project development

We find untapped carbon removal assets and see them through to credits

Biochar, , fermentation CO₂ from ethanol distilleries, and CO₂ from dedicated biomass power plants: we identify these assets where they sit unused in Korea, build the measurement system with and , and take projects through registration and verification.

Request an asset screening Are you a credit buyer?

Registries, , and ratings agencies are independent bodies. We produce the evidence their standards call for.

Illustrative screen · Not a real project

Project · Farm and forest biocharInstalling dMRV

FeedstockUnused crop and forest residues

Expected net removals3,200 tCO₂e/yr Illustrative

Candidate methodologiesComparing Puro and Isometric

Asset origination and feasibility reviewDone

LCA and net removal calculationDone

dMRV sensor and edge installation68%

PDD drafting and registrationPending

Verification and issuancePending

Verification is decided by the VVB, issuance by the registry

Contour lines and survey-point coordinates are illustrative

The carbon removal assets we look for

Market and policy information as of October 11, 2026Update history

BiocharFarm and forest residues, pyrolyzed and stored in soils or materials200+ years Enhanced rock weathering (ERW)Weathering of crushed rock turns CO₂ into inorganic carbon1,000+ years Ethanol fermentation CO₂Only when sent to geological storage or mineralization1,000+ years Dedicated biomass power CO₂Dedicated biomass plants only; coal co-firing excluded1,000+ years

tiers follow each methodology’s own labels. Puro.earth: biochar 200+ years; ERW, geological storage, and carbonated materials 1,000+ years.[1] Isometric splits biochar into 200-year and 1,000-year tiers.[2] Checked October 11, 2026.

Why now

Contracts have grown fast, but only a fraction has been delivered

Purchase contracts for durable carbon removal grew sharply in 2025, yet across the market only about 3% of contracted volume has actually been delivered.[3] Part of the reason is that many large contracts are long-term deals delivered in tranches over 7–15 years,[4][5] but analysis also suggests that measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) has become the binding constraint for several methods.[4] That is why we begin designing measurement as soon as we start looking for assets.

As of October 11, 2026Each figure shows who compiled it and when

The durable CDR market in numbers

30.4 Mt

Durable CDR volume contracted in 2025

ClimeFi’s tally (January 14, 2026) puts the same year at 56 deals and 29.6 Mt.[6] The two use different counting rules, so we do not mix the figures.

Source: CDR.fyi · published June 12, 2026[3]
About 3%

Market-wide delivery rate (volume delivered vs. volume contracted)

About 13% excluding Microsoft’s and Frontier’s long-term contract volumes

Source: CDR.fyi · published June 12, 2026[3]
MRV

MRV has become the bottleneck for several methods

The diagnosis comes from a review comparing what was expected in 2021 with where things stand now. In the source’s words: “MRV has emerged as the binding constraint for several methods.” Cumulative deliveries passed 1 Mt in early December 2025 (117 suppliers in at least 28 countries).[7]

Source: CDR.fyi monthly recap for April 2026 · published May 12, 2026[4]
€120.67/t

Biochar credit price index (Nasdaq CORC Biochar Index, CORCCHAR), June 2026

Prices vary with the basis used. See the price reference table below.

Source: Senken report · August 2026 (underlying data: Puro.earth, Nasdaq)[8]

Price references: figures on different bases

Price references by pathwayChecked October 11, 2026 · Not directly comparable, as each figure covers something different
Pathway	Figure	What it measures	Date	Source
Biochar	€120.67/t	Price index (Nasdaq CORCCHAR)	Jun 2026	Senken, Aug 2026 (underlying data: Puro.earth, Nasdaq)[8]
Biochar	$143/t	Supplier breakeven estimate (survey)	2025	Senken (citing CDR.fyi×OPIS)[8]
Biochar	Multi-year $80–120/t Spot $140/t	Transaction prices by contract type	Oct 2025	S&P Global Platts (cited by Senken)[8]
ERW	$272/t	Supplier breakeven estimate (survey)	2025	Senken (citing CDR.fyi×OPIS)[8]
	$232/t	Supplier breakeven estimate (survey)	2025	Senken (citing CDR.fyi×OPIS)[8]
BECCS (Europe)	€234–331/t	European BECCS price range given in the body of the report (basis not stated)	Aug 2026 report	Senken[8]
Mineralization	$316/t	Supplier breakeven estimate (survey)	2025	Senken (citing CDR.fyi×OPIS)[8]
Whole market	Gap $107 → $98/t About $48/t projected for 2030	Buyer–supplier price gap (survey)	May 7, 2026	CDR.fyi/OPIS[9]
For reference: K-ETS	KRW 9,956/t (about US$6.99)	Average clearing price at allowance auctions	2025	ICAP[10]

The same survey suggests durable CDR prices are unlikely to come down to $100/t across the board by 2030 (CDR.fyi/OPIS, May 7, 2026).[9]

Signals in Korea

Announced
At a National Assembly forum on August 31, 2026, the Ministry of Planning and Budget said it would pursue “direct purchases of up to 200,000 tonnes of carbon credits next year and a project to foster carbon removal credits.”[11] Work is under way on a voluntary carbon market act and a Korea Exchange (KRX) carbon credit market, both targeted for the end of 2026; the act has not yet been enacted (based on reports as of October 1, 2026).[12][13]
In force
The Act on Carbon Dioxide Capture, Transportation, Storage and Utilization (the CCUS Act) has been in force since February 7, 2025 (current version: Act No. 21122, effective January 1, 2026).[14][15] We will add the permitting and operating status of storage sites in Korea to this page as it is confirmed.

Sources as of October 11, 2026 · Changes to figures are logged in the update history

Assets we look for

Eligibility criteria for four asset types

The same biogenic CO₂ may or may not count as carbon removal, depending on where it ends up. The criteria below summarize leading methodologies and vary by registry and methodology version.

As of October 11, 2026Methodology status is also as of this date

Biochar

Pyrolyzing farm and forest residues with limited oxygen leaves behind carbon that resists decomposition.

200+ year durability
H/Corg below 0.70
Proof of end use

FeedstockRice husks, orchard prunings, forest residues, livestock manure
Pyrolysis unit
Biochar
Use in soils or materials

How it works

The carbon in biomass such as rice husks, orchard prunings, unused forest residues, and livestock manure was originally drawn from the atmosphere as plants grew. Pyrolysis converts it into a stable carbon structure (biochar). When biochar is applied to soil or used in construction and other materials, carbon that would otherwise have returned to the atmosphere through decay or burning stays locked away for the long term. The energy used for pyrolysis and the methane emitted during the process are deducted through life cycle assessment (LCA), and only the remaining net removals are eligible for credits.

Eligibility criteria

Example based on Puro.earth Biochar Edition 2025 v2. Requirements differ by methodology.[16]

Feedstock that meets sustainability criteria. Feedstocks with pathogen concerns, such as manure, must be sanitized or carbonized above 500°C for at least 3 minutes.
An ratio below 0.70 for each char stream
Methane emissions from pyrolysis at or below 15% of the carbon stored
A combustion system that runs normally for more than 95% of operating time and detects flame loss
Demonstrated additionality. For example, Verra VM0044 v1.2 requires an investment analysis.[17]
Proof of where the biochar was used (soil or non-soil applications)

Data required

Feedstock: Type, quantity received, moisture content, proof of origin, open-air storage duration and conditions
Process: Continuous logging of combustion quality indicators (e.g., combustion chamber temperature) at intervals of 1 minute or less, share of time in normal operation, and flame-loss records. These apply where a continuous reactor uses the default methane value (0.5 kg per tonne of biochar).[16]
Production: Dry mass of biochar (corrected for impurities), production batch records
Sample analysis: H/Corg and organic carbon content. Sampling follows ISO 18135, EN 12579, or EBC guidelines. The 1,000-year tier requires analysis (Isometric).[2]
Energy and inputs: Electricity and fuel use
Distribution: Packaging, storage, transport, and final application records ()

Rules and status in Korea

An April 2, 2024, amendment to the Rural Development Administration’s Notice on the Establishment of Official Fertilizer Standards allows biochar made at 350°C or above under limited oxygen from wood, rice husks, crop residues, orchard prunings, or cattle and chicken manure to be distributed as fertilizer. This provides the basis for applying biochar to soil in Korea.[18]
A biochar methodology for K-ETS offset projects () is at the draft stage; the draft was presented on August 27, 2026. It accepts only uncontaminated plant-based biomass as feedstock, excludes livestock manure, and treats the volume sold as the amount applied in that year. We will update this page once it is finalized.[19]

Key registries and methodologies

Key registries and methodologies for biochar (as of October 11, 2026)
Program	Methodology	Status (as of Oct 11, 2026)
Puro.earth	Biochar Edition 2025 v2 — CORC200+, 10-year crediting period, renewable twice	-eligible program. No methodology CCP approval as of December 2025.[20] Not in ICAO’s April 2026 eligibility table[21]
Isometric	Biochar Production & Storage v1.0 — 200-year tier (H/Corg, decay curves) or 1,000-year tier (R0)	Methodology CCP-approved August 13, 2025.[22] Eligible program for CORSIA’s first phase, 2021–2026 vintages[21]
Verra	VM0044 v1.2 — soil and non-soil applications, effective June 27, 2025, investment analysis required to demonstrate additionality	Methodology CCP-approved August 13, 2025.[22] VCS is an eligible program for CORSIA’s first and second phases[21]
Carbon Standards International	Global Biochar C-Sink v3.2 (November 15, 2025) — dMRV providers submit data via API	Under ICVCM program assessment; applied April 1, 2026[23]

Show 4 more programs

Key registries and methodologies for biochar, continued
Program	Methodology	Status (as of Oct 11, 2026)
Rainbow (formerly Riverse)	Includes biochar	CCP-eligible program from March 5, 2026, for Rules v7 and later. Methodology CCP approval is assessed separately[24]
Gold Standard	PARC — draft of its first biochar methodology, three tracks by project scale, digital chain of custody required	Public consultation opened April 22, 2026[25]
	Delegated Regulation (EU) 2026/285 — includes biochar	Adopted February 3, 2026; used as a quality reference[26]
Korean offset projects (KOC)	Draft biochar methodology — plant-based biomass only (livestock manure excluded), 350°C or above, H/C below 0.7, quantification based on volume sold	Presented by the Korea Agriculture Technology Promotion Agency at the 6th ITEA Forum on August 27, 2026. Not yet finalized or officially published[19]

Market context

Biochar makes up most of the 1 Mt delivered to date (December 2025).[7]
Biochar accounted for 93% of the volume contracted in Q1 2026 (2.3 million t).[5]

Indicative timeline

A biochar plant typically takes 12–24 months to reach its first credits.[8]

Request a biochar asset screening →

Enhanced rock weathering

Enhanced rock weathering (ERW)

Silicate rock such as basalt, finely crushed and spread on farmland, weathers faster and turns CO₂ into inorganic carbon.

1,000+ year durability (Puro label)
Field samples and control plots
Long-term measurement

Rock crushing
Spreading on farmland
Weathering reactions
Soil water and rivers
OceanDissolved inorganic carbon

How it works

CO₂ dissolved in rainwater reacts with rock minerals to form dissolved inorganic carbon such as bicarbonate, which travels through soil water and rivers to the ocean, where it is stored. Because the reactions unfold over several years, removals must be confirmed with field samples, not models alone.[27][28]

Eligibility criteria

Example based on the published requirements of Isometric’s Enhanced Weathering protocol[29]

Removals confirmed by measuring soil and porewater (the water held in soil). Chemical analysis is carried out on both treatment and control plots.
2.5% of the project area set aside as treatment and control measurement plots
A weathering signal that is statistically significant at a confidence level of at least 95%. Sample numbers vary by project.

Also reviewed Analysis of the feedstock rock’s mineral composition, particle size, and heavy metals; soil properties at the spreading site; land ownership and consent for use (greenMRV review criteria, not Isometric requirements)

Data required

Feedstock: Origin, mineral composition, particle size, heavy-metal analysis
Spreading: GPS coordinates, mass spread, dates
Measurement: Soil and porewater samples (periodic), treatment and control plot data
Energy and transport: Fuel and electricity used for crushing, transport, and spreading (LCA)
Site: Land use and crop records

Rules and status in Korea

We also review the Korean regulations that apply to spreading rock powder on farmland.
Candidate feedstocks in Korea (crushed basalt, quarry by-products, and others) are assessed through geological and compositional analysis and a regulatory review.
Carbonating steel slag or mine tailings into materials such as concrete or aggregates falls under Puro’s Carbonated Materials methodology. Whether such feedstocks can be spread on farmland is checked methodology by methodology.[30]

Key registries and methodologies

Key registries and methodologies for ERW (as of October 11, 2026)
Program	Methodology	Status (as of Oct 11, 2026)
Isometric	Enhanced Weathering protocol — soil and porewater measurement, treatment and control plots on 2.5% of the project area, 95% confidence level	CCP-eligible program[24]
Puro.earth	Enhanced Rock Weathering methodology — 1,000+ years	+12% surcharge for quantification and verification complexity[31]
Rainbow	Includes ERW	CCP-eligible program from March 5, 2026; methodology CCP approval assessed separately[24]
Carbon Standards International	Global Rock C-Sink	Under ICVCM program assessment[23]

Show 3 more programs

Key registries and methodologies for enhanced rock weathering (ERW), continued
Program	Methodology	Status (as of Oct 11, 2026)
Verra	ERW methodology (M0287)	On hold due to scientific uncertainty; to be revisited in Q1 2027[32]
ICVCM	CCP-approved ERW methodologies	No approvals identified as of October 11, 2026 · Will be added once confirmed
EU CRCF	ERW	No adopted methodology. Mentioned only as a pathway that may be considered for future methodology development[33]

Market context

Estimated ERW supplier breakeven: $272/t (2025, CDR.fyi×OPIS survey).[8]

Indicative timeline

Usually longer than biochar because of field sampling and control plots · No quantified benchmark yet

Request an ERW asset screening →

Fermentation CO₂ (BioCCS)

Ethanol fermentation CO₂

The CO₂ released by ethanol fermentation is biogenic carbon that the feedstock crops originally absorbed from the atmosphere.

Geological storage or mineralization only
1,000+ year durability
Storage in Korea being confirmed

Fermenter
Capture, purification, and compression
① Geological storage② MineralizationConcrete, aggregates

Excluded~~Sales for beverages, dry ice, or semiconductor processes~~Released to the atmosphere after use

How it works

Fermentation (C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2 C₂H₅OH + 2 CO₂) theoretically yields about 0.96 tonnes of CO₂ per tonne of ethanol (a reference value calculated from molecular weights).[34] If this CO₂ is captured and stored in underground geological formations (geological storage) or fixed as minerals in materials such as concrete or aggregates (mineralization), it can qualify as durable carbon removal. Outside Korea, this is also called ethanol BECCS.

If the CO₂ is already sold as liquid CO₂ or dry ice, we compare existing contracts and revenue with the credit pathway before deciding.

Eligibility criteria

CO₂ sent to geological storage or to mineralization (carbonated materials)
Puro’s Geologically Stored Carbon methodology explicitly lists “alcoholic fermentation for ethanol production + CCS” as an eligible activity.[35]
Mineralization routes: Puro’s Carbonated Materials methodology (concrete, aggregates, steel slag; 1,000+ years) and Gold Standard’s methodology for storing biogenic CO₂ in recycled concrete[30][36]

Data required

Based on Puro’s Geologically Stored Carbon methodology[35]

Continuous measurement of CO₂ mass flow at the capture point and the injection (or mineralization) point
Quarterly gas composition analysis (GC, MS, IR) and CO₂ fraction
Proof of biogenic share: semiannual analysis or operating records
Documentation of volumes transported by each mode (truck, rail, ship)
For geological storage, continuous bottomhole temperature and pressure measurement at the injection well (storage operator data)
For mineralization, the amount of CO₂ mineralized (flowmeter measurement, Gold Standard methodology)[36]
Feedstock (grain, tapioca, etc.) sourcing records; energy used for capture, purification, compression, and liquefaction (LCA)

Jurisdictions and storage infrastructure in Korea

Puro’s Geologically Stored Carbon methodology cites the US, the EU, the UK, and parts of Canada as examples of jurisdictions with a regulatory framework for geological storage; Korea is not named.[37] For storage in Korea, we confirm with the registry whether the methodology applies.

In Korea, the CCUS Act (in force since February 7, 2025) governs storage site selection, storage permits, and monitoring.[14][15] We will add the status of permitted and operating storage sites as it is confirmed. Until then, we also assess the mineralization route.

Key registries and methodologies

Key registries and methodologies for ethanol fermentation CO₂ (as of October 11, 2026)
Program	Methodology	Status (as of Oct 11, 2026)
Puro.earth	Geologically Stored Carbon (ethanol fermentation + CCS explicitly eligible; 15-year crediting period, renewable twice), Carbonated Materials (1,000+ years)	CCP-eligible program. Not in ICAO’s April 2026 CORSIA eligibility table.[21] Korea not among the GSC example jurisdictions[37]
Isometric	Biomass Carbon Removal and Storage protocol, Mineralization protocol[38]	CCP-eligible program;[24] eligible for CORSIA’s first phase[21]
Verra	VM0049 CCS v1.0 + modules VMD0059 (bioenergy CO₂ capture), VMD0057 (transport), and VMD0058 (storage)	CCP-approved September 28, 2026.[39] Applicability to fermentation CO₂ to be added once we have checked the module texts
Gold Standard	Storage of biogenic CO₂ in recycled concrete	CCP-eligible program;[24] eligible for CORSIA’s first and second phases[21]
EU CRCF	Delegated Regulation (EU) 2026/285 — includes BioCCS	Used as a quality reference[26]

Market context

An ethanol + CCS plant in North Dakota, US (Gevo, formerly Red Trail Energy), accounted for 52% of durable CDR credits issued in 2025, according to ClimeFi.[6]
Frontier Infrastructure Holdings and Carbonfuture have a multi-year contract for 750,000 tonnes of ethanol BECCS credits (July 2026). The captured CO₂ will travel by rail to a permitted storage site in Wyoming, with storage scheduled to start in Q4 2027.[40]

Indicative timeline

Depends on the availability of storage infrastructure in Korea · No quantified benchmark yet

Request a fermentation CO₂ asset screening →

Biogenic CO₂ from dedicated biomass power (BECCS)

Dedicated biomass power CO₂

Biogenic CO₂ is captured from the flue gas of dedicated power plants that burn only biomass, and then stored.

Dedicated plants only
Coal co-firing excluded
1,000+ year durability

Biomass fuel
Boiler
Capture and compression
Transport
Geological storage

Excluded~~Coal co-firing boilers~~Ineligible even with a biogenic share

How it works

Biomass burned as fuel absorbed atmospheric CO₂ as it grew. Capturing and compressing that CO₂ from the flue gas after combustion and storing it in underground geological formations reduces the carbon in the atmosphere. This is known as bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). Emissions from fuel sourcing and transport and from capture and compression are deducted through LCA, and only the remaining net removals are eligible for credits.

Eligibility criteria

A dedicated plant that burns only biomass
Sustainable biomass fuel with proof of origin
Capture equipment and a route to geological storage

Data required

Fuel: quantities received, type and composition, proof of origin (demonstrating that only biomass is burned)
Continuous CO₂ mass flow measurement at the capture and injection points; quarterly composition analysis
Biogenic share: semiannual ¹⁴C analysis or operating records
Energy used for capture and compression, transport documents, storage site monitoring data

Feedstock review and checks in Korea

Concerns have been raised about deforestation linked to imported biomass (Solutions for Our Climate analysis, August 5, 2026).[41] We confirm and review the origin of each feedstock.

As with ethanol fermentation CO₂, we will add the status of storage infrastructure in Korea as it is confirmed.

Key registries and methodologies

Key registries and methodologies for dedicated biomass power CO₂ (as of October 11, 2026)
Program	Methodology	Status (as of Oct 11, 2026)
Puro.earth	Geologically Stored Carbon (BECCS, DACCS; 1,000+ years)	CCP-eligible program. Coal co-firing CO₂ explicitly ineligible (GSC 2024)[35]
Isometric	Biomass Carbon Removal and Storage	CCP-eligible program[24]
Verra	VM0049 + VMD0059 (bioenergy CO₂ capture, BECCS)	CCP-approved September 28, 2026[39]
EU CRCF	Delegated Regulation (EU) 2026/285, BioCCS	Used as a quality reference[26]

Market context

The City of Stockholm decided to buy 750,000 tonnes over 15 years from Stockholm Exergi’s BECCS facility.[5]
Microsoft contracted 626,000 tonnes from North Star BECCS (15 years, April 2026) and up to 650,000 tonnes from BioCirc (7 years, May 2026).[4][5]
However, while BECCS makes up 76% of Microsoft’s contracted portfolio, no BECCS credits had yet been delivered under its public agreements (as of April 13, 2026).[42]
European BECCS price range: €234–331/t; estimated 2025 supplier breakeven: $232/t[8]

Indicative timeline

Depends on building capture equipment and on the availability of storage infrastructure in Korea

Request a biomass power CO₂ asset screening →

The four assets at a glanceAs of October 11, 2026 · Summary based on leading methodologies; actual requirements depend on the registry and methodology version chosen
Asset	Durability label	What qualifies	Exclusions	Key measurements	Bottlenecks in Korea
Biochar	200+ years (Isometric also offers a 1,000-year tier)	Sustainable feedstock, H/Corg below 0.70, methane cap, proof of end use	Below quality criteria; end use cannot be proven	Continuous combustion chamber temperature at ≤1-minute intervals, sample analysis	Securing end-use outlets, sample analysis infrastructure, KOC methodology not yet final
Enhanced rock weathering (ERW)	1,000+ years	Soil and porewater measurement, treatment and control plots, 95% confidence level	Model-only estimates without measurement or control plots	Spreading GPS and mass, soil and porewater samples	Farmland spreading rules, feedstock verification (being confirmed)
Ethanol fermentation CO₂	1,000+ years	Geological storage or mineralization	Sales for beverages, dry ice, or semiconductors	Continuous CO₂ mass flow, ¹⁴C	Storage infrastructure in Korea (being confirmed)
Dedicated biomass power CO₂	1,000+ years	Dedicated plant, sustainable fuel	Coal co-firing	Continuous CO₂ mass flow, ¹⁴C, fuel records	Capture equipment and storage infrastructure (being confirmed)

Sources as footnoted in each asset section[1][16][29][35]

Process

From asset origination to monitoring in 10 steps

Before we start, we agree who does what at each step and what each step produces. Durations are indicative, for planning, and vary with the asset, the methodology, and the verification schedule.

Who does it

greenMRV
Asset owner
Independent bodies (VVB, registry)
Buyer

Step markers

Solid square: carried out by greenMRV and the owner
Dashed square: decided by independent bodies (06–08)
Circle: runs in parallel after step 03 (09)

01

Asset origination (screening)

We review feedstock and volumes, CO₂ streams, existing metering equipment, and permits to identify viable pathways. If something is excluded from the outset, such as CO₂ from coal co-firing, we tell you at this stage.

Who
greenMRVOwner (provides data)
Deliverables
Screening report (preliminary pathways, data gaps, next steps)
Duration (indicative)
2–6 weeks
02

Feasibility, eligibility, and life cycle assessment (LCA)

We calculate net removals by deducting emissions from feedstock sourcing through to storage. We also review additionality (whether the project would have gone ahead without credits), permits, and the potential revenue range.

Who
greenMRVOwner (operating data)
Deliverables
LCA report on net removals (with assumptions and data sources), additionality memo, revenue scenario range
Duration (indicative)
1–3 months
03

Methodology and registry selection

We weigh what buyers require (CCP label, CORSIA eligibility, durability tier) against fees and the verification burden to choose the methodology and registry.

Who
greenMRVOwner (decides)
Deliverables
Methodology comparison table, rationale for the choice
Duration (indicative)
2–4 weeks
04

dMRV design and installation

We translate the methodology’s measurement requirements into sensors, edge computers, a sampling and analysis plan, and chain-of-custody records. The monitoring plan is written to the ISO 14064-2 framework and checked during the facility audit.[16]

Who
greenMRVOwner (installation space, power, network)
Deliverables
Monitoring plan, installation and calibration records, data dashboard
Duration (indicative)
1–4 months
05

Drafting the

We document the project description, monitoring plan, environmental and social safeguards, and stakeholder consultation. Depending on the registry, a public comment period may apply (e.g., 30 days at CSI).[23]

Who
greenMRVOwner (reviews and signs)
Deliverables
PDD, stakeholder consultation records
Duration (indicative)
1–3 months
06

Validation and facility audit

An independent validation and verification body (VVB) reviews the facility and the documents. We coordinate the schedule, submit materials, and respond to corrective action requests; the judgment rests with the VVB.[43]

Who
VVB (decides)greenMRV (responds)
Deliverables
Validation opinion, corrective action records
Duration (indicative)
1–3 months
Decided by an independent body
07

Registration with the registry

We open a registry account and list the project. The account holder and the credit ownership structure are agreed in the contract up front.

Who
Registry (approves)greenMRV (paperwork)
Deliverables
Registration number, public project page
Duration (indicative)
A few weeks
Decided by an independent body
08

Verification and issuance

For each monitoring period, the VVB verifies the removals and the registry issues credits. Some registries offer monthly issuance when continuous data is submitted.[2]

Who
VVB and registry (decide, issue)greenMRV (reports)
Deliverables
Monitoring report, verification opinion, issuance records
Duration (indicative)
Monthly to annual
Decided by an independent body
09

Sales and offtake (in parallel)

We design the contract structure, whether spot, forward, or multi-year offtake, and introduce buyers. Prices vary by contract type.[8]

Who
Owner (decides)greenMRV (structuring, buyer introductions)Buyer
Deliverables
Proposed contract structure, shortlist of potential buyers
Duration (indicative)
In parallel after step 03
In parallel after step 03
10

Monitoring and renewal

We track storage status and risk, and prepare for re-verification and crediting period renewal.

Who
greenMRVOwnerVVB
Deliverables
Annual monitoring records, renewal documents
Duration (indicative)
Ongoing

Durations are indicative, for planning. For a biochar plant, the total time to first credits is typically 12–24 months (Senken, August 2026);[8] ERW takes longer because of field sampling, and fermentation CO₂ and BECCS depend on the availability of storage infrastructure in Korea.

See all 10 steps in one table

The 10 steps at a glanceDurations are indicative · Steps 06–08 are decided by independent bodies
Step	Who	Deliverables	Duration (indicative)
01 Asset origination (screening)	greenMRV · Owner (provides data)	Screening report	2–6 weeks
02 Feasibility, eligibility, and LCA	greenMRV · Owner (operating data)	LCA report on net removals, additionality memo, revenue scenario range	1–3 months
03 Methodology and registry selection	greenMRV · Owner (decides)	Methodology comparison table, rationale for the choice	2–4 weeks
04 dMRV design and installation	greenMRV · Owner (installation space, power, network)	Monitoring plan, installation and calibration records, data dashboard	1–4 months
05 PDD drafting	greenMRV · Owner (reviews and signs)	PDD, stakeholder consultation records	1–3 months
06 Validation and facility audit	VVB (decides) · greenMRV (responds)	Validation opinion, corrective action records	1–3 months
07 Registration with the registry	Registry (approves) · greenMRV (paperwork)	Registration number, public project page	A few weeks
08 Verification and issuance	VVB and registry (decide, issue) · greenMRV (reports)	Monitoring report, verification opinion, issuance records	Monthly to annual
09 Sales and offtake (in parallel)	Owner (decides) · greenMRV (structuring, buyer introductions) · Buyer	Proposed contract structure, shortlist of potential buyers	In parallel after step 03
10 Monitoring and renewal	greenMRV · Owner · VVB	Annual monitoring records, renewal documents	Ongoing

The first step is asset origination (screening). At this stage, we do not promise issuance volumes or prices.

Request an asset screening

Digital MRV (dMRV)

We measure with sensors and keep records verifiers can trace back to the source

Measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) is the full process of proving that each tonne claimed was actually removed and stored. Digital MRV automatically gathers field measurements along with contract and transport records, checks their quality, calculates net removals, and produces the records handed to the verifier.[44]

Why digital

01 · Registry APIs
Registries have begun taking data directly. Carbon Standards International receives monitoring data from dMRV providers via API.[23]
02 · Monthly issuance
Some registries say monthly issuance is possible when continuous data is submitted.[45]
03 · Digital chain of custody
Gold Standard’s first draft biochar methodology (PARC) requires a digital chain of custody.[25]
04 · Discussion in Korea
In Korea, too, the Korea Carbon Credit Industry Association has proposed wider use of dMRV based on AI, IoT, and satellite data as part of the legislative process for the voluntary carbon market act.[13]

Architecture

Field sensor readings and sample and document evidence pass through edge computers and the measurement, calculation and evidence engine to become reports for the verifier and submissions for the registry. Select a box in the diagram to jump to its description below.

Gray line · round dot: raw data (measurements, documents) Bright line · square dot: verification records (reports, submissions) Dashed box: independent body Dashed arrow: where the registry offers an API

① Field measurement
Sensors and meters
Components (examples) Combustion chamber thermocouples, CO₂ mass flowmeters (at capture and injection points), gas analyzers, weighbridges and scales (feedstock and biochar mass), electricity and fuel meters, spreading equipment GPS logs (ERW), storage operator data (injection well temperature and pressure)
What it does Measures the parameters the methodology requires at set intervals
② Edge computer
On-site edge
Components (examples) Industrial edge computer, equipment integration (e.g., Modbus or OPC UA, depending on the site’s equipment), time synchronization
What it does Collects data, signs it at the device, stores it locally and resends it if the connection drops, and applies first-pass quality flags (missing values, out-of-range readings, sensor faults)
③ Sample and document evidence
Lab results and documents
Components (examples) Lab certificates of analysis (H/Corg, ¹⁴C, gas composition), calibration certificates, transport documents, confirmations of final application
What it does Records a hash on upload and preserves the original
④ Data processing
Measurement, calculation and evidence engine
Components (examples) Normalization, quality checks, net removal calculation (with version control for emission factors, assumptions, and methodology), a hash-chained evidence trail (audit trail), role-based access
What it does Records the basis for each calculation and the history of changes
⑤ Outputs
Reporting and sharing
Components (examples) Monitoring reports (for submission to the VVB), registry submissions (where an API is offered), owner dashboard, buyer data room (read-only)
What it does Gives each party materials drawn from the same source data

Out of scope · Independent decision
Verifier (VVB)
Reviews the reports and source data and issues validation and verification opinions
Out of scope · Independent decision
Registry
Records the registration, issuance, transfer, and retirement of credits on the basis of the verification opinion

Chain of custody (traceability)

Biochar · 6-stage example[46]

Feedstock sourcing
Pyrolysis
Packaging
On-site storage
Transport
Final application

Biogenic CO₂

Capture
Purification and compression
Transport (truck, rail, ship)
Injection or mineralization

Measurement requirements by methodology (examples)

Measurement parameters and required levels by pathwayChecked October 11, 2026 · Examples based on the published requirements of leading methodologies; actual requirements follow the methodology version
Pathway	Parameter	Requirement	Basis
Biochar	Combustion quality indicator (e.g., combustion chamber temperature)	Continuous measurement at intervals of 1 minute or less, where a continuous reactor uses the default methane value (0.5 kg per t of biochar)	Puro Biochar Edition 2025 v2[16]
Biochar	Normal operation of the combustion system	More than 95% of operating time; flame-loss detection
Biochar	H/Corg	Below 0.70 per char stream (sample analysis)
Biochar	Sampling	ISO 18135, EN 12579, or EBC guidelines
Biochar	Dry mass, open-air feedstock storage	Correction for impurities; monitoring of storage duration and conditions
Biochar (1,000-year tier)	Random reflectance (R0)	Analysis	Isometric Biochar[2]
Fermentation CO₂, BECCS	CO₂ mass flow	Continuous measurement at capture and injection points	Puro Geologically Stored Carbon (GSC 2024)[35]
Fermentation CO₂, BECCS	Bottomhole temperature and pressure at the injection well	Continuous measurement
Fermentation CO₂, BECCS	Gas composition, CO₂ fraction	Quarterly (GC, MS, IR)
Fermentation CO₂, BECCS	Biogenic share	Semiannual ¹⁴C analysis or operating records
Fermentation CO₂, BECCS	Volumes transported	Documentation for each transport mode
Mineralization	Amount of CO₂ mineralized	Flowmeter measurement	Gold Standard, neustark[36]
ERW	Spreading location and amount, soil and porewater, treatment and control plots	GPS and mass records; soil and porewater samples (number set per project); treatment and control plots on 2.5% of the project area; 95% confidence level	Isometric ERW[29]

Conventional MRV vs. digital MRV

Comparison of conventional and digital MRV
Aspect	Conventional	Digital MRV
Collection	Manual entry, periodic	Automated, near real time
Format	Spreadsheets	Data that can be integrated via API
Records	Scattered evidence	Evidence trail with change history (audit trail)
Verification support	Documents gathered at audit time	Data room open for review at any time

Rows 1–3 draw on Carbonfuture’s comparison;[44] row 4 is greenMRV’s proposal

Data integrity principles

We use these design criteria to show that measurements have not been altered since they were recorded.

Device signingEach measurement is digitally signed by its device
Time synchronizationEvery device’s clock is aligned to a reference clock
Hash-chained logsRecords are chained together so later changes can be detected
Calibration certificatesCalibration history kept for each instrument
Role-based audit trailRecords who viewed or changed what, and when
Registry APIDirect submission where the registry offers one

Field metrics

Sensor uptimePublished after the pilot
Data latencyPublished after the pilot
Sites installedPublished after the pilot

We will publish only values measured at our first pilot site.

Only measured carbon becomes an asset.

Role map

Who decides what, at a glance

Creating a carbon removal credit involves several independent bodies. greenMRV is the originator: working on the asset owner’s side, we design the project and build the evidence. Standard-setting, verification, issuance, and ratings each rest with an independent body.

Asset ownerFacility operations, feedstock sourcing, business decisions
greenMRV (originator)Measurement design, evidence and documentation
Standards and programsMethodologies, issuance rules
Verifier (VVB)Validation and verification
RegistryIssuance, transfer, retirement
BuyerPurchase, retirement, public claims

Ratings agenciesRatings
Labels and eligibilityICVCM CCP · ICAO CORSIA · EU CRCF
GovernmentK-ETS offset projects · K-VCM · CO₂ storage permits

Filled box: greenMRV Dashed box: independent decision-maker Data and document flow Credit flow

What each role does, and greenMRV’s scopeOrganizations listed are examples only and do not imply any business relationship or partnership with greenMRV
Role	Typical organizations (examples)	What they do	What greenMRV does	What greenMRV does not do
Standards and programs	Puro.earth, Isometric, Verra, Gold Standard, Carbon Standards International, Rainbow	Develop methodologies and administer issuance rules	Interpret and apply methodologies; help compare and select them	Develop or change methodologies; negotiate exceptions
Registries	Each program’s registry	Register projects; record issuance, transfers, and retirements	Prepare registration documents and handle submission	Issue credits or guarantee issuance
Verifiers (VVBs)	Third-party bodies approved by the registry	Validate and verify projects (independent audit)	Submit documentation, coordinate schedules, and respond to corrective action requests	Perform verification or write verification opinions
Ratings agencies	BeZero, Sylvera, Calyx Global	Independently rate project and credit quality	Support rating readiness (organize evidence, answer queries)	Assign or promise ratings; negotiate ratings
Label and eligibility bodies	ICVCM (CCP), ICAO (CORSIA), EU (CRCF)	Determine whether programs and methodologies meet their criteria	Check and map eligibility	Claim labels or eligibility without evidence
Government	Ministries responsible for K-ETS offset projects, K-VCM, and CO₂ storage permits	Run the schemes; grant approvals and permits	Review scheme requirements; help prepare applications	Guarantee approval or permit outcomes
Asset owners	Ethanol distillers, biomass power producers, biochar producers, farms, and quarries	Operate facilities, source feedstock, and make business decisions	Design measurement, support data collection, and prepare documentation	Operate facilities (operational control stays with the owner)
Buyers	Companies in Korea and abroad	Purchase and retire credits; make public claims	Provide supply information and data; help structure contracts	Write public claims on the buyer’s behalf

How VVBs are selected and paid is governed by each registry’s rules. For example, Puro.earth states that it pays VVB costs itself.[43]

What greenMRV does not do

We keep the work of producing the numbers separate from the work of judging them.

Issuing credits (that is the registry’s job)
Verifying projects (that is the VVB’s job)
Assigning or promising ratings (ratings agencies decide independently)
Claiming CCP, CORSIA, or CRCF eligibility without evidence
Treating CO₂ from coal co-firing, or fermentation CO₂ sold for beverages or dry ice, as carbon removal
Guaranteeing issuance volumes, prices, or timelines

Ratings agencies run their own conflict-of-interest rules too. BeZero, for example, states that it does not provide MRV consulting, trading or project development, or buyer–seller introductions,[47] and Calyx Global says it runs on subscription revenue rather than ratings commissioned by developers.[48]

Rating readiness

What rating readiness support covers, and what it does not

Rating readiness support means preparing a project so that, when an independent ratings agency assesses it, we can supply all the evidence the agency needs—complete, drawn from the same data, and on time. Ratings are set independently by the agency; greenMRV does not promise rating outcomes or negotiate ratings with agencies.

What it includes

Readiness assessment A check for evidence gaps against published rating frameworks (e.g., Sylvera’s biochar framework)[49]
Evidence data room An index of LCA, monitoring data, sample analyses, calibration certificates, and contract and permitting documents
Verification history An organized record of VVB site audits and responses to corrective actions
Eligibility mapping Requirement crosswalks for CCP, CORSIA, and (once the scheme is in force) K-VCM
Query management Logging questions from ratings agencies and keeping a record of answers

What it excludes

Guaranteeing ratings or labels, or committing to a “rating upgrade”
Rating projects on an agency’s behalf, or charging fees that vary with rating outcomes
Preparing materials that are not linked to source data. Every figure in the data room must be traceable to source data.
Verification (VVB) work

Deliverables

Readiness report (evidence gaps and priorities)
Data room index
Q&A log

How ratings, verification, and labels differ

Comparison of ratings, verification, and labels/eligibility
Type	Who	What it examines	Outcome
Verification	VVB (independent third party)	Whether methodology requirements are met; removal quantities	Verification opinion → basis for registry issuance
Rating	Ratings agencies (BeZero, Sylvera, Calyx Global, etc.)	Project and credit quality (an independent opinion)	A rating (e.g., Sylvera AAA–D)[50]
Labels and eligibility	ICVCM, ICAO, EU (CRCF certification is granted through recognized certification schemes)[33]	Whether programs and methodologies meet the criteria	CCP label, CORSIA eligibility, CRCF certification

Ratings can be carried out before issuance (ex ante) or after it (ex post)—for example, by BeZero and Sylvera.[47][50]

Fee structure

How we are paid, disclosed up front

Each fee model carries different potential conflicts of interest. For every project, we disclose in writing, before the contract is signed, which model applies and who pays how much.

As of October 11, 2026Rates and the final fee structure will be published once confirmed

Fee model 1

Fixed fee

What it pays for: Post-screening feasibility and eligibility assessment, LCA, and methodology comparison
Best for: Projects with uncertain viability that need an assessment first
Potential conflict of interest: Low. The fee does not depend on whether the asset is found eligible
How we manage it: Same fee even if we find the asset ineligible
Rate: To be published once confirmed

Fee model 2

Success fee

What it pays for: Each tonne of credits issued by the registry
Best for: Owners who want to keep up-front costs low
Potential conflict of interest: An incentive to overstate removals
How we manage it: Conservative methodology defaults, disclosure of all assumptions and versions, independent VVB verification, and the same data shared with buyers
Rate: To be published once confirmed

Fee model 3

Revenue share

What it pays for: A percentage of credit sales revenue (including buyer introductions and offtake structuring)
Best for: Owners who also want us to find buyers and negotiate contracts
Potential conflict of interest: Influence over sale prices and the choice of counterparty. If we are also paid by the buyer, we act for both sides
How we manage it: Sale prices and commissions disclosed to the owner; fees from both sides only with prior written notice and consent; the owner decides the counterparty
Rate: To be published once confirmed

Fee model 4

dMRV subscription

What it pays for: Installation of sensors and edge devices, and use of the data platform (installation fee + monthly or annual subscription)
Best for: Owners who will run the measurement system long term
Potential conflict of interest: Lock-in to our equipment and platform
How we manage it: The owner owns the source data; exports in standard formats; data and calibration records handed over on termination
Rate: To be published once confirmed

Each project can use one model or a combination. Rates will be published on this page once confirmed; until then, we quote them project by project during consultations.

Conflict-of-interest principles

We follow nine principles so that our fee structure does not sway our judgment. Any change to them is recorded in the update history.

Fee disclosureBefore the contract is signed, we disclose in writing the type of fee, how it is calculated, and who pays it. Buyers also see the supply-side fee structure.
Separation of rolesWe do not double as a registry, VVB, or ratings agency.
No outcome-linked feesWe accept no fees that depend on rating or label outcomes.
Conservative quantificationWhere values are uncertain, we apply the methodology’s conservative defaults and record our assumptions and versions.
Same-data principleVVBs, ratings agencies, and buyers all receive materials drawn from the same source data.
Data ownershipSource data from the site belongs to the asset owner and is handed over when the contract ends.
Credit ownershipThe registry account holder and credit ownership are agreed in writing before the contract is signed.
Disclosure of holdings and equityIf greenMRV holds credits in its own account or takes an equity stake in a project, we disclose it. The detailed policy will be published once finalized.
Notice of dual feesIf we are paid by both seller and buyer in the same transaction, we give prior written notice and obtain consent.

Third-party costs (separate from our fees)

Third-party cost items and examplesChecked October 11, 2026 · Subject to change under each organization’s policies
Item	Example or basis	Source
Registry fees	Puro.earth: €1,400 per year. Audited volumes of up to 1,000 CORCs: flat €12,000; above that, a per-CORC fee that falls band by band from €10 (1,001–2,000 CORC band) to €0.40 (top band). Surcharge for quantification and verification complexity: ERW and terrestrial storage of biomass +12%, carbonated materials +6%, biochar and geological storage 0%. Retirement: €0.25 per CORC (waived if conditions are met)	Puro.earth fee schedule[31] · subject to change
Registry tools	No fee to use Isometric Certify (per Isometric)	Isometric[2]
Verification (VVB) costs	Governed by registry rules. For example, Puro states that it pays VVB costs itself	Puro.earth[43]
Sample analysis, equipment, and transport	Quoted per project	—

Third-party costs are itemized separately · Fees may change under each organization’s policies

Policy context

Where the credits can be used: only what is confirmed today

Credits from international registries are not automatically recognized under Korean schemes. Requirements differ by scheme, and some of the underlying legislation is still being written. The information below is therefore stated as of October 11, 2026, and any change will be logged.

As of October 11, 2026Changes in scheme status are recorded in the update history

Current status of each scheme and how we label itAs of October 11, 2026 · Sources cited in each cell
Scheme	What it is	Current status	Relevance to our projects	Labeling rule
Korea Emissions Trading Scheme (K-ETS), Phase 4 (2026–2030)	Korea’s compliance market. Covered entities may offset part of their obligation with credits from external reduction projects	Offsets are capped at 5% of each company’s obligation. Korean Offset Credits (KOCs) from domestic offset projects are converted into Korean Credit Units (KCUs) for use.[10] Eligible domestic credits come from projects not subject to allocation that started after December 2016. International credits are accepted if they are ex-post credits consistent with Article 6 of the Paris Agreement.[10] Overseas projects are limited to the share counted toward the 2030 NDC international mitigation target (37.5 Mt) and require government approval. The amended act was promulgated on October 28, 2025, and took effect on April 29, 2026.[51] A biochar offset methodology exists only as a draft. The Korea Agriculture Technology Promotion Agency presented it at the 6th ITEA Forum on August 27, 2026 (plant-based biomass only; livestock manure excluded; 350°C or above; H/C below 0.7; quantified on volume sold). It has not yet been finalized or officially published.[19] Average auction clearing price in 2025: KRW 9,956/t.[10]	Credits from international registries such as Puro and Isometric are not automatically accepted as K-ETS offsets; registering as an offset project requires a matching methodology and separate approval. Given the large price gap, we do not currently see K-ETS as a primary sales channel	Instead of “usable for K-ETS offsets,” we write “requires offset project approval and KOC→KCU conversion; 5% offset limit.” Biochar KOCs are described only as “draft methodology (not finalized).”
K-VCM (Korean voluntary carbon market)	A domestic voluntary carbon market being developed by the government (legislation, registry, and exchange)	On April 27, 2026, the Ministry of Planning and Budget launched the Korea Voluntary Carbon Market Alliance at the Korea Chamber of Commerce and Industry (KCCI). It set out plans for a voluntary carbon market act (with a registry covering issuance through retirement, and public criteria for ratings agencies) and a carbon credit market on the Korea Exchange (KRX), as well as cooperation with international ratings agencies and a phased review of links with CORSIA and K-ETS.[52] At a National Assembly forum on August 31, 2026 (“Direction for a voluntary carbon market act”), the Vice Minister of Planning and Budget announced plans for “direct purchases of up to 200,000 tonnes of carbon credits next year and a project to foster carbon removal credits.”[11] The bill is titled “Act on Fostering the Voluntary Carbon Market and Promoting Trading of Voluntary Reduction Outcomes.” The goal is enactment by year-end and the opening of a dedicated KRX market.[12] As of reports on October 1, 2026, it had not yet been enacted.[13] The KCCI Carbon Reduction Certification Center, Korea’s existing voluntary standard (operating since 2023), has registered 32 methodologies and certified about 2.9 million t of reductions.[12]	We will assess eligibility once the act is enacted and detailed criteria are published. For now, we are building our data and documentation to international standards such as ICVCM CCP (in line with industry calls for dMRV and CCP alignment)[13]	Instead of “eligible for government purchase” or “K-VCM eligible,” we write “government-announced plan (legislation not yet enacted).”
CORSIA	ICAO’s Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation	ICAO’s eligible programs table (April 2026) lists ACR, ART, BioCarbon Fund ISFL, CAR, FCPF, GCC, Gold Standard, Isometric, T-VER, and Verra for the first phase (2024–26), with Cercarbono and JCM (Japan–Mongolia) conditionally eligible. For the second phase (2027–29), it currently lists ACR, ART, Gold Standard, and Verra.[21] Vintages from 2021 onward require a host-country attestation. Puro.earth is not on the table.[53]	Selling for CORSIA requires both ① a program eligible for the relevant compliance period and ② a host-country attestation from the Korean government. We will add Korea’s attestation procedure as soon as it is confirmed	We use “CORSIA eligible” only once both conditions are confirmed
EU CRCF	The EU’s certification framework for carbon removals and carbon farming	Regulation (EU) 2024/3012 entered into force on December 26, 2024. An EU registry is expected around 2028.[54] Delegated Regulation (EU) 2026/285 (DACCS, BioCCS, and biochar) was adopted on February 3, 2026, alongside the announcement of an EU buyers’ club.[26] Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/2358 sets minimum requirements for certification schemes. ERW has no adopted methodology and is mentioned only as a pathway to be considered for future development (checked October 11, 2026).[33] On June 12, 2026, NGOs requested an internal review of Delegated Regulation 2026/285.[55] Puro states that it offers certification against Puro Standard, CRCF, and CSS+ methodologies.[43]	We will add whether non-EU projects can obtain CRCF certification as soon as this is confirmed. We use CRCF as a quality reference in project design but do not promote it as a route to market	Until this is confirmed, we write “design informed by CRCF methodologies” rather than “CRCF certified”
(For reference) ICVCM CCP	A credit quality label	CCP-eligible programs (March 5, 2026; nine in total): ACR, ART TREES, CAR, Equitable Earth, Gold Standard, Isometric, Puro.earth, Rainbow, and Verra.[24] The label applies only when the program is eligible and the methodology is approved. Approved examples: Isometric biochar v1.0 and Verra VM0044 v1.2 (August 13, 2025);[22] Verra VM0049 and its modules (September 28, 2026).[39] As of October 11, 2026, we had not been able to confirm CCP approval for any ERW methodology. We will update this once confirmed.	Checked against buyer requirements in step 03 (methodology and registry selection)	We use “CCP label” only once methodology approval is confirmed

Labeling rules

No automatic recognition
Two-step check (program and methodology)
Host-country attestation
Pre-enactment status flagged
No claim before confirmation

Related laws and plans in Korea

CCUS ActAct on Carbon Dioxide Capture, Transportation, Storage and Utilization—in force since February 7, 2025 (current version: Act No. 21122, effective January 1, 2026). It covers storage site selection, storage permits, monitoring, utilization certification, and CCUS clusters.[14][15]
Official fertilizer standardsNotice on the Establishment of Official Fertilizer Standards—biochar entry (amended April 2, 2024).[18]
2035 NDCKorea’s 2035 national greenhouse gas reduction target—a 53–61% cut from 2018 net emissions. It explicitly includes CCUS development and commercialization and the use of Article 6 cooperation under the Paris Agreement (adopted by the Carbon Neutrality and Green Growth Commission on November 10, 2025).[56][57]

The Ministry of Climate, Energy and Environment (launched October 1, 2025; formerly the Ministry of Environment) is responsible for the Framework Act on Carbon Neutrality and Green Growth and the NDC.[58]

For credit buyers

We use data to show how your contracted tonnes are delivered

Buyers name price relative to budget (65%) and delivery risk (40%) as their biggest barriers (CDR.fyi and OPIS survey, May 7, 2026).[9] We identify supply sources in Korea and disclose measurement data and documentation on a consistent basis, giving you grounds to judge delivery risk.

Supply pipeline in Korea
We plan to publish stage-by-stage status for biochar, ERW, and biogenic CO₂ assets. Once the first project is secured, we will list the stage and expected annual volume for each asset type here (labeled as pre-verification estimates).
Pipeline status · In preparation
Delivery data disclosure
We share production, storage, and transport records read-only through the dMRV dashboard and data room. The scope of disclosure is set in the contract.
Contract structures and reporting
We design the contract structure with you—spot, forward, multi-year offtake, pre-purchase, and others—and report in Korean and English.

12 things to check before you buy

Registry, methodology, and methodology version
CCP label: confirm both program eligibility and methodology approval
For CORSIA use: eligible program, compliance period, and host-country attestation
Durability tier (e.g., 200+ years, 1,000+ years)
Vintage, delivery schedule, and contract terms for non-delivery
The VVB, and whether verification reports are published
Whether there is an independent rating, and when it was done (before or after issuance)
Access rights to source data (dMRV, data room)
Reversal risk and how buffers and compensation are handled
Any double counting with national mitigation outcomes or domestic schemes (corresponding adjustments, where applicable)
Fee structures of suppliers and intermediaries
Co-benefits and records of local stakeholder consultation

This is a checklist for review, not a form to fill in. Our article “Carbon removal credit buyer’s checklist” (coming soon) covers it in detail.

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Summary

In brief: carbon removal origination in Korea

As of October 11, 2026

greenMRV originates durable carbon dioxide removal (CDR) projects in Korea. We screen under-used assets—biochar from agricultural and forestry residues, enhanced rock weathering (ERW), and biogenic CO₂ from ethanol fermentation and from dedicated biomass power plants. For eligible assets, we run the life cycle assessment (LCA), design and install digital MRV (sensors, edge computers, and chain-of-custody records), prepare the project design document, and support VVB validation, verification, and registration with the registry.

What we are not: a standard, a registry, a VVB, or a ratings agency. We do not guarantee ratings, CCP labels, CORSIA eligibility, issuance volumes, prices, or timelines, and we disclose how we are paid on every project.

Eligibility notes (as of October 11, 2026): CO₂ from coal co-firing is excluded. Fermentation CO₂ is considered only when it is geologically stored or mineralized, not when sold for beverages or dry ice. The availability of permitted geological storage in Korea is still being confirmed. Durability is stated per methodology (for example, biochar 200+ years; geological storage and mineralization 1,000+ years).

Buyers, registries, and ratings agencies: ask us for our data structure, methodology mapping, and project documentation.

FAQ

CDR Origination: frequently asked questions

Each answer lists its sources and the date they were checked

Have another question? Contact us →

Q1How do carbon removal (CDR) credits differ from reduction credits?

Reduction credits certify emissions reduced or avoided against a baseline; removal credits certify the amount of carbon actually taken out of the atmosphere and stored. How long storage lasts (durability) varies by methodology, and we state durability only in the tiers the methodology defines (e.g., biochar 200+ years, geological storage 1,000+ years).

Source [1] · Checked October 11, 2026

Q2Do coal co-firing power plants qualify?

No. Puro.earth’s Geologically Stored Carbon methodology treats CO₂ from coal co-firing facilities as ineligible, even if part of it is biogenic. We consider only dedicated plants that burn biomass alone, and we also check that the fuel is sustainable biomass.

Source [35] · Checked October 11, 2026

Q3We already sell our fermentation CO₂ as liquid CO₂ and dry ice. Does it count as carbon removal?

Not the volumes you sell. CO₂ used in beverages, dry ice, or semiconductor processes is released to the atmosphere after use. It can be considered for durable carbon removal only if it goes to geological storage or mineralization (carbonated materials such as concrete or aggregates). We check the status of storage infrastructure in Korea and compare the revenue from your existing sales contracts with the credit route before reaching a view.

Sources [35][30] · Checked October 11, 2026

Q4How long does it take for the first credits to be issued?

For a biochar plant, the typical benchmark is 12–24 months to first credits (per an August 2026 report). ERW takes longer because of field sampling and control plots, while fermentation CO₂ and BECCS depend on the availability of storage infrastructure in Korea. Whether and when credits are issued is decided by the registry based on the verification results. For indicative durations by step, see our 10-step process.

Source [8] · Checked October 11, 2026

Q5Do we really need dMRV equipment?

Some methodologies require certain parameters to be measured continuously. For example, under Puro’s biochar methodology, a continuous reactor may use the default methane value only if indicators such as combustion chamber temperature are measured at intervals of one minute or less, and the Geologically Stored Carbon methodology requires continuous measurement of CO₂ mass flow at the capture and injection points. Other parameters, such as H/Corg and ¹⁴C, are confirmed by laboratory analysis. We use existing instrumentation first and add only what is missing.

Sources [16][35] · Checked October 11, 2026

Q6What do credits sell for?

It depends on the benchmark. For example, the biochar price index (CORCCHAR) stood at €120.67/t in June 2026, while 2025 supplier breakeven estimates (from a survey) were $143 for biochar, $272 for ERW, and $232 for BECCS. Biochar prices also varied by contract type: $80–120 for multi-year contracts versus $140 spot (October 2025). Indexes, surveys, and reported deals are not directly comparable. We do not promise prices or revenue for any individual project; we present ranges at the feasibility assessment stage.

Source [8] · Checked October 11, 2026

Q7Do you guarantee a rating or a CCP label?

No. Ratings are set independently by ratings agencies (BeZero, Sylvera, Calyx Global, and others), and a CCP label applies only when the program is CCP-eligible and the methodology is CCP-approved. We prepare the evidence needed for a rating and respond to agency queries.

Sources [24][20] · Checked October 11, 2026

Q8Can the credits be used for K-ETS offsets or in the K-VCM?

For K-ETS offsets, a project needs offset project approval to receive KOCs, which must then be converted into KCUs; in Phase 4 (2026–2030), offsets are capped at 5% of each company’s obligation. Credits from international registries are not automatically accepted, and the biochar offset methodology is still only a draft. For the K-VCM, the government has announced plans to buy up to 200,000 tonnes of carbon credits directly in 2027 and to foster carbon removal credits, and a voluntary carbon market act is targeted for enactment by the end of 2026 (not yet enacted as of reports on October 1, 2026). We will assess eligibility once the act and detailed criteria are published.

Sources [10][19][11][12][13] · Checked October 11, 2026

Q9Can the credits be sold for CORSIA?

Two conditions must both be met. The issuing program must be ICAO-eligible for the relevant compliance period (the April 2026 table lists Isometric, Verra, Gold Standard, and others for the first phase; Puro.earth is not included), and vintages from 2021 onward require an attestation from the Korean government as the host country. Until both are confirmed, we do not describe credits as “CORSIA eligible.”

Source [21] · Checked October 11, 2026

Q10How are your fees structured? How do you manage conflicts of interest?

Each project uses one or more of these models: a fixed fee for feasibility assessment and LCA, a success fee per issued credit, a share of sales revenue, and a dMRV subscription. Whatever the model, we disclose the type of fee and who pays it in writing before the contract is signed, and we disclose it to buyers as well. Third-party costs such as registry fees and verification costs are itemized separately. Rates will be published once confirmed; for our principles in full, see Fee structure.

Standards Map

Standards and rules behind this service

View all 12

Insights

Carbon removal in practice

Articles that explain methodologies and policy, with sources, are in preparation. We will link to them here as soon as they are published.

View all articles →

CDR

What is carbon dioxide removal (CDR)? How removal credits differ from reduction credits, and how to read “durability”

Coming soonGuide

CDR

What it takes for fermentation CO₂ from ethanol distilleries and bioethanol plants to count as carbon removal: capture, storage, and durability requirements

Coming soonArticle

dMRV

What is digital MRV (dMRV)? Turning carbon removal into verifiable data with sensors and edge computers

Coming soonGuide

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Update history

Changes to this page

When policies or figures change, we record the date, what changed, and the source. Sourcing and corrections policy

October 11, 2026
Page created. Market and policy information as of October 11, 2026

References

Sources and access dates

Bracketed numbers in the text refer to the sources below, and each source’s “Back to text” links return you to the passages that cite it. Market figures and policies can change; when they do, we revise this page and record the change in the update history.

[1]Puro.earth · Carbon removal methods (list of methodologies and their stated durability)https://puro.earth/carbon-removal-methods (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: a b c
[2]Isometric · Biochar pathway (200-year and 1,000-year tiers; guidance on continuous data and monthly issuance)https://isometric.com/pathways/biochar (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: a b c d e
[3]CDR.fyi · Durable CDR market update (Carbon Unbound East Coast 2026) · published June 12, 2026https://www.cdr.fyi/blog/durable-cdr-market-update-carbon-unbound-east-coast-2026 (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: a b c
[4]CDR.fyi · CDR monthly recap: April 2026 · published May 12, 2026https://www.cdr.fyi/blog/cdr-monthly-recap-april-2026 (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: a b c d
[5]CDR.fyi · CDR monthly recap: May 2026 · published June 5, 2026https://www.cdr.fyi/blog/cdr-monthly-recap-may-2026 (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: a b c d
[6]ClimeFi · 2025 CDR market review · published January 14, 2026https://www.climefi.com/blog-posts/2025-cdr-market-review (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: a b
[7]Carbon Herald · Report on cumulative durable carbon removal deliveries tracked by CDR.fyi passing 1 million t · December 2025https://carbonherald.com/cdr-fyi-durable-carbon-removal-marks-milestone-1-million-deliveries/ (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: a b
[8]Senken · Carbon removal prices 2026–2040 (report) · published August 2026https://www.senken.io/reports/carbon-removal-prices-2026-2040-en.pdf (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o
[9]CDR.fyi and OPIS · CDR pricing survey (May 2026) · published May 7, 2026https://www.cdr.fyi/blog/cdr-pricing-survey-may-2026 (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: a b c
[10]ICAP · Korea Emissions Trading System (K-ETS)https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/ets/korea-emissions-trading-system-k-ets (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: a b c d e
[11]The Financial News · Report on a National Assembly forum on the direction of a voluntary carbon market act (in Korean) · published August 31, 2026https://www.fnnews.com/news/202608311823271245 (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: a b c
[12]The Asia Business Daily · Report on plans for a voluntary carbon market act and a KRX carbon credit market (in Korean) · published September 2, 2026https://core.asiae.co.kr/article/2026090209492002160 (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: a b c d
[13]Economist (Korea) · Report on the debate over enacting a voluntary carbon market act and industry proposals on dMRV (in Korean) · published October 1, 2026https://economist.co.kr/article/view/ecn202609300055 (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: a b c d e
[14]Etoday · Report on the entry into force of the Act on Carbon Dioxide Capture, Transportation, Storage and Utilization (in Korean)https://www.etoday.co.kr/news/view/2442800 (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: a b c
[15]National Law Information Center · Act on Carbon Dioxide Capture, Transportation, Storage and Utilization, Act No. 21122, effective January 1, 2026 (in Korean)https://www.law.go.kr/LSW/lsInfoP.do?lsiSeq=279781 (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: a b c
[16]Puro.earth · Biochar Methodology, Edition 2025 (version 2)https://7518557.fs1.hubspotusercontent-na1.net/hubfs/7518557/Puro Biochar Methodology - Edition 2025 (version 2) - For Publication.pdf (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: a b c d e f
[17]Verra · VM0044 Methodology for Biochar Utilization in Soil and Non-Soil Applications (v1.2)https://verra.org/methodologies/vm0044-methodology-for-biochar-utilization-in-soil-and-non-soil-applications/ (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: ↩
[18]News Seoul · Report on the amended “Establishment of Official Fertilizer Standards” notice and the distribution of biochar fertilizers (in Korean)https://newsseoul.co.kr/news/view/1065595216609763 (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: a b
[19]Monthly Eco-Friendly · Report on the draft biochar methodology for K-ETS offset projects presented at the 6th ITEA Forum (in Korean) · published August 28, 2026https://www.digitalorganic.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=47721 (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: a b c d
[20]Carbon Herald · Report on ICVCM approving Puro.earth as a CCP-eligible programhttps://carbonherald.com/puro-earth-gains-ccp-eligibility-under-icvcm-review/ (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: a b
[21]ICAO · CORSIA Programme Eligibility Summary Table (April 2026) · April 2026https://www.icao.int/sites/default/files/environmental-protection/CORSIA/TAB/2026/Programme-Eligibility-Summary-Table-Apr2026.pdf (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: a b c d e f g h
[22]ICVCM · Integrity Council approves biochar & improved forest management methodologies · published August 13, 2025https://icvcm.org/integrity-council-approves-biochar-amp-improved-forest-management-methodologies/ (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: a b c
[23]ICVCM · Carbon Standards International, Global C-Sink program application · posted May 2026https://icvcm.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Global-C-Sink-Copy-of-application_2026_05_18.pdf (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: a b c d
[24]ICVCM · Announcement of CCP-eligible programs (Rainbow added; nine in total) · March 5, 2026https://www.icvcm.org/?p=17055 (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: a b c d e f g h
[25]Gold Standard · Five methodologies launched for consultation (April 2026) · published April 22, 2026https://goldstandard.org/news/five-methodologies-launched-for-consultation-april-2026 (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: a b
[26]European Commission · EU sets world’s first voluntary standard for permanent carbon removals · published February 3, 2026https://climate.ec.europa.eu/news-other-reads/news/eu-sets-worlds-first-voluntary-standard-permanent-carbon-removals-2026-02-03_en (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: a b c d
[27]Wikipedia · Enhanced weatheringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_weathering (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: ↩
[28]Puro.earth · Enhanced Rock Weathering methodologyhttps://puro.earth/methodologies/enhanced-rock-weathering/ (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: ↩
[29]Isometric · Enhanced weathering pathwayhttps://isometric.com/pathways/enhanced-weathering (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: a b c
[30]Puro.earth · Carbonated Materials methodologyhttps://puro.earth/methodologies/carbonated-materials/ (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: a b c
[31]Puro.earth · Fees (fee schedule; subject to change)https://puro.earth/fees/ (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: a b
[32]Verra · Notice of the hold on the ERW methodology (M0287) and its review schedulehttps://verra.org/?p=76519 (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: ↩
[33]European Commission · Carbon removals and carbon farming: certification methodologieshttps://climate.ec.europa.eu/areas-action/carbon-removals-and-carbon-farming/certification-methodologies_en (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: a b c
[34]Wikipedia · Ethanol fermentationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: ↩
[35]Puro.earth · Geologically Stored Carbon methodology (2024)https://7518557.fs1.hubspotusercontent-na1.net/hubfs/7518557/Supplier Documents/Geologically_Stored_Carbon_2024_5.pdf (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: a b c d e f g h i
[36]neustark · Gold Standard methodology for tech-based carbon removalhttps://www.neustark.com/en/news/gold-standard-methodology-tech-based-carbon-removal-neustark (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: a b c
[37]Puro.earth · Geologically Stored Carbon methodology (overview page)https://puro.earth/methodologies/geologically-stored-carbon/ (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: a b
[38]Isometric · Protocols (list of protocols)https://isometric.com/protocols (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: ↩
[39]Verra · Verra secures ICVCM approval for carbon capture and storage methodology · September 28, 2026https://verra.org/verra-secures-icvcm-approval-for-carbon-capture-and-storage-methodology/ (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: a b c
[40]AlliedOffsets · CDR monthly recap: July 2026https://blog.alliedoffsets.com/cdr-monthly-recap-july-2026 (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: ↩
[41]Solutions for Our Climate (SFOC) · Analysis of imported biomass and deforestation concerns (in Korean) · published August 5, 2026https://forourclimate.org/insights/119 (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: ↩
[42]CDR.fyi · Durable CDR demand structure snapshot (April 2026) · April 13, 2026https://www.cdr.fyi/blog/durable-cdr-demand-structure-snapshot-april-2026 (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: ↩
[43]Puro.earth · Carbon credit certification (guidance on facility audits and VVBs)https://puro.earth/cdr-infrastructure/carbon-credit-certification/ (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: a b c d
[44]Carbonfuture · What is MRV in carbon removalhttps://www.carbonfuture.com/cdr-insights/what-is-mrv-in-carbon-removal (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: a b
[45]Isometric · Certify (guidance on registry listing and issuance)https://isometric.com/certify (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: ↩
[46]Carbonfuture · Homepage (example chain-of-custody stages)https://www.carbonfuture.earth/ (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: ↩
[47]BeZero Carbon · Homepage (independence principles and timing of ratings)https://bezerocarbon.com/ (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: a b
[48]Calyx Global · Homepage (subscription-based ratings model)https://calyxglobal.com/ (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: ↩
[49]Sylvera · Biochar carbon credits (biochar ratings framework)https://www.sylvera.com/biochar-carbon-credits (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: ↩
[50]Sylvera · Homepage (rating scale and timing of ratings)https://www.sylvera.com/ (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: a b
[51]Kim & Chang · Commentary on the amended Framework Act on Carbon Neutrality and Green Growth and the use of international mitigation outcomes (in Korean)https://www.kimchang.com/ko/insights/detail.kc?sch_section=4&idx=33544 (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: ↩
[52]Herald Business · Report on the launch of the Korea Voluntary Carbon Market Alliance (in Korean)https://www.heraldk.com/article/2026042618000054616 (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: ↩
[53]ICAO · CORSIA Technical Advisory Body (TAB)https://www.icao.int/CORSIA/ICAO-corsia-tab (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: ↩
[54]CarbonGap · EU CRCF policy trackerhttps://tracker.carbongap.org/policy/crcf/ (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: ↩
[55]Robin Wood et al. · Request for internal review of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2026/285 · June 12, 2026https://www.robinwood.de/sites/default/files/2026-06-12-crcf-request-for-internal-review.pdf (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: ↩
[56]UNFCCC · The Republic of Korea’s 2035 NDChttps://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/2025-12/The Republic of Koreas 2035 NDC.pdf (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: ↩
[57]Herald Business · Report on the adoption of Korea’s 2035 national greenhouse gas reduction target (in Korean) · November 10, 2025https://www.heraldk.com/article/2025111000221939519 (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: ↩
[58]Newsis · Report on the launch of the Ministry of Climate, Energy and Environment (in Korean)https://www.newsis.com/view/NISX20250929_0003349043 (opens in a new tab)Accessed October 11, 2026 · Back to text: ↩

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What is carbon dioxide removal (CDR)? How removal credits differ from reduction credits, and how to read “durability”

What it takes for fermentation CO₂ from ethanol distilleries and bioethanol plants to count as carbon removal: capture, storage, and durability requirements

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